This appendix tries to make the construction of the raw data-set reproducible. It lists the code that I used to create and transform the data. It also hints at other data files, e.g. from the qualitative data coding and more detailed data-sets, e.g. on the participation of NGOs or the budgets of the organizations. These files are available in the electronic data appendix.

For the analysis, I used the following R packages:1

library(knitr)
library(XML)
library(dplyr)
library(ineq)
library(reshape2)
library(countrycode)
library(psData)
library(ggplot2)
library(RCurl)
library(RJSONIO)
library(pander)
library(xtable)
library(lubridate)
library(tm)

Dependent Variables

First, I collected a number of dependent variables on transparency and participation in intergovernmental organizations. Below, I will document how I created the individual variables and how I collected and transformed the data. In most cases, the same steps are necessary to create the data for both IAEA and OPCW. If this is not the case, I document the different procedures.

TALK-Participation

IAEA

  • References to norm of participation in the Annual Report
  • Source: number of statements in the Annual Report that refer to the idea of participation, inclusion and representation of non-state actors like NGOs, business groups or experts.
  • Data derived from qualitative coding. See the IAEA RQDA file and the instructions to export the TALK-Participation codes.
#create empty data-set
data <- data.frame(IO=c(rep("IAEA", 55), rep("OPCW", 15)),
                            Year = c(1957:2011, 1997:2011),
                                     Decade = c(
                                        rep("1950s", 4),
                                        rep("1960s", 10),
                                        rep("1970s", 10),
                                        rep("1980s", 10),
                                        rep("1990s", 10),
                                        rep("2000s", 10), "2010s",
                                        rep("1990s", 4),
                                        rep("2000s", 10),
                                                "2010s"))

# import codings from RQDA file
## this is commented here, as it breaks the knitr chain
#library(RQDA)
#RQDA::openProject("../data/IAEA.rqda")
#iaea_codings <- RQDA::getCodingTable()
#iaea_summary <- iaea_codings %>% group_by(filename, codename)  %>% summarise(n = n())
#save(iaea_summary, file = "iaea_summary")
load("../data/iaea_summary")

# filter for relevant codings and add to dataset
iaea_part <- as.data.frame(filter(iaea_summary,
                                codename == "TALK-Participation"))$n

# replace "missings" with 0 because they are true zeros
data$TALK.Part <- rep(NA, 70)
data$TALK.Part[which(data$IO == "IAEA")] <-
    c(iaea_part[1:5], rep(0, 2),
        iaea_part[6], rep(0, 4),
        iaea_part[7], rep(0, 16),
        iaea_part[8:9], rep(0, 2),
        iaea_part[10], rep(0,2),
        iaea_part[11:14], 0,
        iaea_part[15:28])

OPCW

# import my codings data from RQDA
#RQDA::openProject("../data/OPCW.rqda")
#codings <- RQDA::getCodingTable()
#opcw_summary <- codings %>% group_by(filename, codename) %>% summarise(n = n())
#save(opcw_summary, file = "opcw_summary")
load("../data/opcw_summary")

# filter for relevant codings and add to dataset
opcw_part <- as.data.frame(filter(opcw_summary,
                                codename == "TALK-Participation"))$n

# replace "missings" with 0 because they are true zeros
data$TALK.Part[which(data$IO == "OPCW")] <-
    c(0, opcw_part[1:7], 0,
    opcw_part[8:13])

TALK-Transparency

IAEA

  • References to norm of transparency in the Annual Report
  • Source: number of statements in the Annual Report that refer directly to the principle of transparency.
  • see IAEA RQDA file and instructions to get TALK-Transparency codings.
# filter for relevant codings and add to dataset
iaea_trans <- as.data.frame(filter(iaea_summary,
                                codename == "TALK-Transparency"))$n

data$TALK.Trans <- rep(NA, 70)
data$TALK.Trans[which(data$IO == "IAEA")] <-
    c(rep(0, 36), iaea_trans[1], 0,
        iaea_trans[2], 0, iaea_trans[3:4], 0,
        iaea_trans[5:11], 0, iaea_trans[12:13], 0,
        iaea_trans[14])

OPCW

# filter for relevant codings and add to dataset
opcw_trans <- as.data.frame(filter(opcw_summary,
                                codename == "TALK-Transparency"))$n

data$TALK.Trans[which(data$IO == "OPCW")] <-
    c(0, opcw_trans[1:6], 0, opcw_trans[7],
        0, opcw_trans[8:12])

DECISION-Participation

IAEA

  • Decisions that increase participation
  • Source: General Conference resolutions, secondary literature

  • 2 Levels:

    • 1: 1957-1974: fixed rules for consultation and participation in GC, yet, not really enacted after 1959
    • 2: 1975-2011: keeping the rules, yet allowing ad-hoc invitations to participate at GC without formal consultative status by GOV.
data$DEC.Part <- rep(NA, 70)
data$DEC.Part[which(data$IO == "IAEA")] <-
    c(rep(1, 18), rep(2, 37))

OPCW

  • 3 levels:

    • 1997-1999: ad-hoc rules for passive participation
    • 2000-2002: plus access to official CSP documents
    • 2003-2011: plus limited rights to address meetings
data$DEC.Part[which(data$IO == "OPCW")] <-
    c(rep(1, 3), rep(2, 3), rep(3, 9))

DECISION-Transparency

IAEA

  • Decisions that increase transparency
  • Source: Annual Report, General Conference resolutions and GOV decisions

  • From the AR research, I propose the following 12 phases of transparency relevant decisions.

    • 1: base-line policy: mainly reactive outreach to media, partially during phases of little public demand for IAEA transparency
    • 2: issuing IAEA newsbriefs
    • 3: IAEA Highlights publication
    • 4: new PR policy: e.g. with media seminars
    • 5: Launch of IAEA website
    • 6: distribution of electronic official documents through website to public
    • 7: partial de-classification of GOV documents
    • 8: new PR strategy: outreach to non-traditional actors
    • 9: new TC policy: increase transparency
    • 10: new PR strategy: pro-active and distribution of Agency publications for free
    • 11: New PR strategy: increase outreach to devlopment community
    • 12: Using social media
data$DEC.Trans <- rep(NA, 70)
data$DEC.Trans[which(data$IO == "IAEA")] <-
    c(rep(1, 29), rep(2, 3), 3, rep(4, 3),
        5, 5, 6, 7, 7, 8, 8, 9, 9, rep(10, 5),
        11, 11, 11, 12, 12)

OPCW

  • There are the following levels of increased transparency decisions, taken from the Annual Reports and CoSP-Resolutions

    • 1: 1997: starting level, with website and publications, yet targeted primarily towards the Member States
    • 2: 1998: increasing publications output, aiming at broader audiences and starting library
    • 3: 1999: re-worked website policy: now also targeted at general public
    • 4: 2000: Expansion of Website. “Synthesis” Journal available online for free, course material for national authorities available online
    • 5: 2002: new publications targeted at general public: OPCW Profiles, “Basic Facts” re-issue, Flyers on Basic Information
    • 6: 2003: outreach strategy aiming at broader geographical reach, launch of new publications: “OPCW Regional Series”, “Chemical Disarmament Quarterly”
    • 7: 2008: participation in “Open Day”, i.e. opening its doors to the public for 1 day, increased outreach to research institutions, website with more official documents
    • 8: 2010: starting social media activities, development of a new “Public Diplomacy Strategy” and Task Force, first steps of live reporting of OPCW events.
data$DEC.Trans[which(data$IO == "OPCW")] <-
    c(1, 2, 3, 4, 4, 5, rep(6, 5), 7, 7, 8, 8)

ACTION-Participation-GC-NGO-present

IAEA

  • Number of NGOs present at annual General Conference.
  • Source: Number of Non-Governmental Organizations in official list of delegations
# importing my data-set on IAEA GC participation
iaea_gc_ngo <- read.csv('../data/IAEA-GC-NGOs.csv